Food behavior of Hermaphrodites in Bangladesh and their aged matched Nutritional status: A Review

Abstract

Introduction: Food behavior and nutritional status are important components of public health, particularly among vulnerable groups. Hermaphrodites’ individuals often face discrimination, socioeconomic instability and limited access to healthcare services. Hijra is a culturally specific third-gender identity in South Asian countries like Bangladesh, while "hermaphrodite" is a medical term that is used to describe intersex biological traits. All of these can significantly influence dietary habits and overall well-being. However, in the Bangladeshi context, evidence on their nutritional status remains inadequate. Background: Hermaphrodites are individuals who are born with varied sex characteristics that do not fall under to typical male or female sex categories but representing a marginalized and under-recognized group of population in Bangladesh like in other countries. Their health and nutritional conditions are often overlooked, partially due to social economic and conceptual issues with other gender-diverse group of general streams. However, limited research and persistent stigma creates significate gaps in addressing their specific nutritional needs of such ever neglected human communities. Methodology: This review adopts a detailed narrative approach, synthesizing evidence from 24 peer-reviewed articles, reports, and/or policy documents. Major databases were searched utilizing relevant keywords related to hermaphrodite health, nutrition, and Bangladesh. Studies were selected based on relevant information on food behavior, nutritional indicators and socioeconomic influences. Results: Summarized findings of this review indicate that hermaphrodite individuals commonly experience irregular meal patterns, low dietary diversity, and relying on low-cost staple foods. These patterns are formed by social exclusion, poverty level, unstable income and limited access to nutrition education, not merely seeking healthcare service. Evidence from gender-diverse populations suggests a dual burden of malnutrition (including both undernutrition and overweight) along with micronutrient deficiencies. Age-matched comparisons indicate differences in BMI (Body Mass Index) and overall nutritional outcome compared to general population. Conclusion: Nutritional challenges among hermaphrodites/ intersex (often regarded as hijra) individuals are deeply rooted in structural inequalities rather than individual choice. Addressing these issues requires focused group public health strategies, targeted nutrition interventions, improved healthcare access and proper recognition of their needs. Further research projects are essential to generate reliable data and more support with evidence-based policies aimed at advancing health equity and social inclusion-which remains one of the most invaluable markers in a society.

Medivision J. of Med. and Health Sci. Vol 1(1), Jul 2026; p 62-67